Organizing Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sorting out Function - Essay Example In this the firm needs to deal with five zones to be specific, division of work, departmentalization, setting up range of control and appointment, (Boone 2005). Inside division of work else called work specialization, the director attempts to coordinate the work requests with the aptitudes, information and experience of the representative. Division of work is increasingly compelling when the most qualified business by methods for expertise level and experience is relegated a given assignment. The more perfect a laborer is to the work procedure prerequisites, the more prominent the degree of conceivable specialization. In departmentalization, the director looks to aggregate representatives or occupations into reasonable substances. This should be possible in five different ways, (Plunkett et al (2005). Useful departmentalization is finished by the idea of exercises in the division. Item departmentalization unites all the capacities fundamental for effective creation and circulation of a specific item. Procedure departmentalization depends on the cycles that an item experiences. The cycles decide the office. Topographical departmentalization utilizes zones to make a division for example ... Client departmentalization is characterized by ownership of a mutual arrangement of attributes like the psychological clinics as a wellspring of customers for a foundation working with intellectually impeded people. Range or control implies the administrator characterizes the degree to which the leadership hierarchies run and the cutoff in number of representatives inside one line of creation or level of order. One worker should be responsible to just a single chief, in what is known as the solidarity of order. In the scalar standard, the line of power ought to be unmistakably sketched out for every laborer. The director is additionally worried about appointment, which is the moving of errands and duties and the giving of power equivalent to the undertakings alloted to subordinates. This improves the adaptability of activities meaning the association is better ready to address the necessities of its customers, (Boone 2005) In arranging, the chief is additionally worried about information the board, which is the capacity to sort out and control accumulated data inside an association. A supervisor accumulates data from different sources. He enables his group to have the option to utilize the accessible data to better the association that way the group can be said to have for information (the limit of individuals or gatherings or associations to follow up on data). Openings, dangers qualities and shortcomings of an association can best be tended to just if the association can utilize data accessible. The procedure includes a cognizant exertion to utilize the data. For the data to be valuable to the association in any case, it must be exact, solid and state-of-the-art. This can be said to an association's scholarly

Art History Midterm Essay

The tomb painters were a greater amount of craftsmans than they were craftsmen in old Egypt. The purpose behind this is they didn’t normally think of the thoughts for what they were painting in the tombs; they were determined what to paint and painted it. Specialists would have had unfenced on what to paint as opposed to being determined what to paint precisely. Craftsmans are more the individuals who can really paint someone’s thought who probably won't have the option to plan or paint the thought given. 2. One basis explanation behind cavern artistic creations in ancient occasions, that I have heard and concur with is that they painted these things on the dividers with the expectation that the animals would come so they would have food in addition to other things. One specific model would be all the artistic creations in the Las Caux collapse France; it is a cavern altogether loaded with pictures of bulls. Bulls or buffalo were a wellspring of food as well as presumably apparel and they could utilize different pieces of the body for different things. These creatures were critical for their way of life to endure. I accept they painted them on the dividers not exclusively to respect the animals for everything they did to support their kin yet in addition as unrealistic reasoning. It’s the entire â€Å"if you fabricate it they will come† thought, if the individuals painted these creatures possibly something wonderfully would enable their chasing to season better. This hypothesis helps show how they had faith in divine beings and searched for help from a higher being much the same as we do now. 3. During antiquated occasions goddess sculptures were incredibly well known everywhere throughout the then world. One of the most celebrated goddess sculptures is the Venus of Willendorf. She is the absolute first goddess sculpture that has been found and goes back to 24,000 bce. She is an extremely little chubby sculpture with and huge female zones; her face isn't there and is replaces with grooves. The sculpture has no feet and can't remain all alone. How the sculpture was made shows the significance of fruitfulness and ladies by the augmented bosom as well as the wide hips that would be of help with regards to conceiving an offspring. They in all likelihood utilized this little sculpture to wish new couples karma with regards to recreating and it was a fruitfulness sculpture. Present day has a vastly different view on our â€Å"goddess† culture. Individuals these days admire Barbie dolls and stick flimsy models and famous people. So much has changed from that point forward. The ancient occasions and even up until later occasions accepted that more full ladies were wonderful and even that it indicated riches. I feel that our way of life admires an inappropriate people with regards to our adaptations of a â€Å"goddess culture†. One Mesopotamian human progress that I like is Babylon. It was a land in the Fertile Crescent between the waterways like most civic establishments in that timespan. They had one of the most compelling and significant pioneers, Hammurabi, who thought of one of the most notable arrangement of laws or Hammurabi’s code. Babylon likewise was the home of one of the Seven Wonders of the World the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Babylon was a set up society and truly changed the manner in which individuals represented their developments. They were one of the main societies to record their arrangement of rules and stick by them through various challenges and that was completely new. Question 1: When it comes to reestablishing fine art it is a precarious subject. I imagine that they ought to reestablish craftsmanship yet not add anything to it since it makes it an alternate then it was initially depicted. I think reestablishing the craftsmanship so it is in full structure is in a perfect world great since we need people in the future to see the bits of workmanship the manner in which they were intended to be seen. I mean indeed, it is utilizing a great deal of time and a ton of hours to fix something that is broken and old, however it’s our history. On the off chance that these ancient rarities were not there we would have no investigate our past and how individuals lived. Individuals should fix up old canvases, sculptures and structures in light of the fact that not exclusively is it part of history however it’s unfathomable to perceive how individuals could manufacture such radiant things without the innovation we have today. It causes individuals to acknowledge what they have now and all the advances we have experienced. At the point when it is a long time from now and out pictures and structures are gradually self-destructing we would need somebody to take as much time as is needed and enthusiasm to fix up something that we once held as a tremendous piece of our lives and our general public. On the off chance that the artistic creations, sculptures and structures were assembled and manufactured so wonderfully they were cleared that path which is as it should be. Workmanship is craftsmanship and I figure we ought to do everything humanly conceivable to keep this world as delightful during that time as it was intended to be the point at which they initially were shown.

Lavinia The Rightful Queen Of Rome - Literature Essay Samples

In Book IV of Virgils epic The Aeneid, the gods messenger Mercury advises the hero Aeneas that An ever uncertain and inconstant thing is woman (IV.768-7). As Aeneas makes his journey from the ruins of Troy to the potential glory of Latium, he discovers just that as he encounters several women whom he could marry, a decision based largely on whether or not they justify or disprove Mercurys claim. Dido and Anna, the women of Carthage, reflect the fickleness of which Mercury speaks, while Aeneas Trojan wife Creusa, Queen Amata of Carthage, and the Volsican warrior Camilla refute his theory with their steady behavior. None of these women are fated to be Aeneas wife because of their strength, societal status, or race, so it is evident that a woman who separates herself from the others is destined and appropriate to fill this role. Although Lavinia princess of Latium is portrayed with very little character development in The Aeneid, her passivity and unquestioning obedience in addition to her race and royal status illustrate her suitability as the ideal Roman wife and queen to Aeneas. Dido ruler of Carthage nearly becomes Aeneas wife, but immediately she is deemed inappropriate for Aeneas. In her first appearance in the novel, she is overseeing the construction of her city and is described as having duties traditionally satisfied by a man, such as dealing judgmentsgiving laws, [and] apportioning the work. Although she is initially portrayed as overly masculine, Aeneas reveals later in the novel that she did perform one very wifely duty: making clothes, saying that glad in that task, [she] had once made for him [twin tunics] with her own hands (XI.96-7). Despite this accomplishment, which is not disclosed until almost ten books after her death, Dido still cannot be Aeneas wife primarily because of her persistent inconstancy. Throughout her behavior in the novel, Dido proves to be excessively susceptible to her furor when she reneges on her sure, immovable deci sion not to marry anyone (IV.17-8) and falls in love with Aeneas. When she once in her joyurged on the work of her coming kingdom (I.710-11), she now forsakes it, leaving it neglected (IV.118), taken over by the frenzy and fire in her heart. Moreover, She starts to speak, then falters and stops in midspeech (IV.110-1) demonstrating an inconstancy in her dialogue. She then decides that her relationship with Aeneas is no longer a furtive love. For Dido calls it marriage (IV.226-7) even though she knows that it is nothing more than adultery against her husbands memory and her city. Her most fluctuating actions, however, are triggered when she discovers Aeneas plan to leave Carthage. At this time, she who deigned to join herself to him (IV.254) now attacks (IV.409) Aeneas. She first begs, Can nothing hold you back (IV.412) then tells him I do not refute your words. I do not keep you back (IV.519-20) only to tell Anna later, If he would only grantthis final gift to wait (IV.590-1 ). This capriciousness, fueled by the fates, makes Didos personality much too volatile for a man with enough burden on his shoulders. Didos sister Anna exhibits similar traits when first she urges on Didos love, saying How can you struggle against a love that is so acceptable? (IV.48-9) then later blaming Dido alone for her actions declaring, You have destroyed yourself and meand all your city (IV.939-42). This inconstancy, while important, is only part of why neither Carthaginian princess is meant to be Aeneas bride. Being from northern Africa, they are geographically and culturally opposites of Aeneas Trojan race, which is better paired with a European people like the Latins. Both women also foolishly try to fight the will of the fates when Anna hopes that Aeneas marries Dido and when Dido tries to convince Aeneas to stay despite the fact that they both know that his journey does not end in Carthage, as Aeneas has told her of his wifes prophecy that he will reach Hesperi a (II.1054) and have a new wife and kingdom there. Although Dido and Anna are very strong cases of capricious women, there are others who, despite their constancy, are still unsuitable to be Aeneas founding partner. Creusa, once Aeneas loving wife, for example is portrayed with constant loyalty and understanding of what is best for her husband and the future of Rome. She declares her love for him, calling him her sweet husband (II.1046) and as his voice of reason explains to him why they cannot be together saying, this could never come to pass without the gods decree (II.1048-9). Creusa knows what destiny lies ahead for her husband and is even eager for him to fulfill it without trying to interfere. Rather she accepts fate and instead is proud of her role on Earth as a Dardan woman and wife of Venus son (II.1061-2) and is grateful to the gods that she is not to see the haughty homes of Myrmidonsor be a slave to Grecian matrons (II.1058-61) as a prisoner of war. She is, in Aenea s words, happy (XI.205) to sacrifice herself in the name of Rome. Creusa is the ultimate Roman woman: unconditionally loyal, loving, pious and subservient to the gods, reasonable, self-sacrificing, and understanding of her role. Only she is a Trojan, and Aeneas destiny is not to found another settlement of Trojans but a completely new race, which cannot be produced by pure Trojan blood. Like Creusa, Queen Amata is also constant, but in all the wrong ways. She is unwaveringly loyal to her country and her will to make Turnus her son-in-law, weeping to her husband, Shall Lavinia become the wife of Trojan exiles? (VII.474-5). Her devotion to Turnus is so intense as to drive her to suicide, as Amata prepared to die, held fast her raging son-in-law (XII.76-7), declares to Turnus that whatever waits for you waits for me too (XII.84-5). Consequently, when she believes Turnus to be dead, she kills herself, foolishly crying out that she herself is guilty (XII.806) when she should accept that it was not her but the fates that caused his death. She is also always disobedient to her spouse; despite his standing firm against her (VII.497), she conceals Lavinia in the mountains, stealing from the Trojan the marriage (VII.515-6). Although one may argue that her hysterical behavior is caused by Allecto which breathes its viper breath into her frenzy (VII.464), it is stated by Virgil that Allecto merely strengthens feelings Amata already has within her: a womans anxieties and anger (VII.455-6). Although she shows constant behavior in her disobedience to her husband and loyalty to Turnus, her madness and utter hatred for the Trojans do not allow her to be a suitable match for Aeneas. Another Latin, Camilla the warrior shows some qualities of an ideal Roman woman, namely those of loyalty to her male leader (in her case, Turnus) and self-sacrifice, as she dies for her cause. She is also very courageous and proud, asking Turnus to Let me try wars first dangers (XI.665-6 ) and telling a Tuscan upon his death, This is no small gloryto have fallen beneath the spearhead of Camilla (XI.908-10). Even in her own death she shows strength when Dying, [she] tries to tug the lance [which hit her chest] out with her hand (XI.1081-3). Although she is portrayed favorably in The Aeneid, extolled by Turnus as the pride of Italyabove all praise or prize (XI.669-72), she is an Amazon-like woman who, like Dido, exhibits very male behavior as a talented warrior and is therefore unsuitable to be a queen of Rome. Her Amazonian archetype also includes an unchanging character of mental and physical might, and because of this negative brand of constancy she exhibits, she would present too much competition for Aeneas manly strength. Of all the women in The Aeneid, only Lavinia is left to become Aeneas wife, and rightly so. During the quarrels of her parents over who will be her husband, she raises no argument, so it may be reasonably assumed that she will wed whomever h er parents choose for her. She is also very loving of her mother, which is shown in her hot cheeksbathed in tears (XII.89) as she hears her threaten to kill herself if Turnus is to die. Her adoration is demonstrated again when she hears of her mothers suicide; she rages; she tears at her bright hair and cheeks of rose (XII.813-4). She also expresses regret and shame for having caused so much grief on the part of her mother and death of her people, her lovely eyes held low (XI.636) much like Helen, whom Virgil spares and exonerates earlier in The Aeneid. It can therefore be inferred that no blame is to be placed on Lavinia for having caused the death of so many people. Because of Lavinias ethnicity it may also be assumed that her bloodline carries the strength of her fellow Latins Amata and Camilla, that of loyalty to ones culture. Also important to her fittingness as Aeneas wife is her place in society. As the princess of Latium, she is already of royal blood and therefo re is genealogically merited to wed the half-god Aeneas and become queen of Rome. She is also of a European race unlike Dido and is non-Trojan unlike Creusa which allows her to birth a completely new non-Trojan non-Latin race of Romans with Aeneas.In the opening stanzas of The Aeneid, Virgil declares that It was so hard to found the race of Rome (I.49), part of the ordeal being to find a proper wife for Aeneas. While traveling the Mediterranean, starting at the ashes of Troy through Carthage and onto Latium, Aeneas meets a multitude of women, yet none of them are suited to be his founding partner of the great new nation of Rome because of race, societal status, or inconstancy of character. The perfect woman Lavinia, who is assumed to be betrothed to Aeneas at the end of the novel, is actually not explored extensively by Virgil, as she makes only a few appearances, but from what is presented, she is very passive, obedient, loving, and moral, all traits of the ideal Roman woman and wife, and from that alone it can be assumed that she becomes the future queen of Rome deservingly and appropriately.

Sample Resume Santa Monica Boys And Girls Club - 1848 Words

Santa Monica Boys and Girls Club (SMBGC) According to SMBGC’s website, SMBGC’s mission is to â€Å"inspire and enable young people, especially those who need us most, to reach their full potential† (smbgc.org). â€Å"Those who need us must† refers definitely to the miracles of our lives: the children. SMBGC’s child focused mission is a value for the community, which is important and relevant to consider. It was the significant reason that I wanted to participate at this site. SMBGC is a very well kept youth organization. The site has a learning center, game room, technology room, teen room, arts and crafts room, gym and cafeteria. I was surprised at the size as well as the facilities available to the children at this club. This made me realize that it either had a large amount of government funding, generous charitable donors or both. My Service Learning Experience at the Santa Monica Boys and Girls Club At SMBGC, I interact with children of different ages, ethnicities and socio-economic backgrounds. I observe an unfamiliar environment that I am not used to, which is children of different ethnicities (especially African-American children) and socio-economic statuses. This experience made me realize that the community I live in is mostly a small group of people who are mostly Turkish and female. Working with children at this site offered me an opportunity to engage with people that I usually do not encounter in my daily life. Because of the differing age groups at the SMBGC, IShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesthank John D. Kammeyer-Mueller of the University of Florida for help with several key aspects of this revision. The authors would also like to extend their sincerest thanks to the following i nstructors: Lee Boam, University of Utah Andres Johnson, Santa Clara University Edward Lisoski, Northeastern University Douglas Mahony, Lehigh University Douglas McCabe, Georgetown University Bradley Norris, Baylor University Jonelle Roth, Michigan State University Philip Roth, Clemson University Dale Rude, UniversityRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.† T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the best in me. And, to our girls Mary, Rachel, and Tor-Tor for the joy and pride they give me. Finally, to my muse, Neil, for the faith and inspiration he instills. E.W.L Preface Since you are reading this text, you have made a decision that learning more about project managementRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDiagnosing the Need for Team Building 531 Comparison Data 531 531 10 LEADING POSITIVE CHANGE 533 SKILL ASSESSMENT 534 Diagnostic Surveys for Leading Positive Change 534 Leading Positive Change 534 Reflected Best-Self Feedbackâ„ ¢ Exercise 535 A Sample E-Mail Request for Feedback 535 Machiavellianism Scale—MACH IV 536 SKILL LEARNING 538 Leading Positive Change 538 Ubiquitous and Escalating Change 539 The Need for Frameworks 539 Tendencies Toward Stability 540 A Framework for Leading Positive Change

A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett - 4073 Words

A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett This research paper will examine and explain how imaginative play via storytelling, doll play or other similar objects provide children an avenue to act out coping skills. By examining this thought, I will help to explain that â€Å"Children who live in supportive environments and develop a range of coping strategies become more resilient (DeBord: 2004).† This research paper will answer the question with a focus on resilience and coping: â€Å"Do children who play pretend have higher coping skills than children who do not play pretend?† The main character, Sara, in the story A Little Princess starts out in a supportive environment while living in India with her father, Captain Crewe. Sara’s†¦show more content†¦Another instance is when Sara accepts a coin given to her by Guy Clarence, but she realizes that doing so means she must â€Å"put her pride in her pocket† (95). Resilience and Coping â€Å"Research has expanded to focus on educationally or academically resilient children— those who succeed in school despite the stresses of poverty and inadequate childrearing conditions† (Kitano: 2005). Debord (2004) extensively discusses this concept of resiliency.5 Despite the stresses of poverty and inadequate living conditions, Sara demonstrated her ability to generate positive coping strategies thus preserving her dignity. Burnett provides the reader an understanding of resiliency when Sara says, â€Å"Whatever comes cannot alter one thing. If I am a princess in rags and tatters, I can be a princess inside† (108). What attributed to Sara’s observed resilience was her ability to find hope in thinking through her situations out of her imaginary discussions with Emily and her â€Å"suppose† critical thinking strategies. Relatively, a modern-day Sara would be considered as an at-risk youth. According to Kitano, a resilience approach would similarly serve especially well the needs of beggar children such as Anne or the house servant Becky of whom experienced hardship. At risk would include gifted children such as Sara and youth living in poverty or in circumstances of abuse and neglect like Becky or Anne. Doyle (2001)Show MoreRelatedThe Author who Is Frances Hodgson Burnett Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Frances Hodgson Burnett stood apart from the astounding writers surfacing in Britain. She was most greatly recognized for the romantic themes that were woven delicately into her enchanting stories and her ability to portray spoiled stubborn children as strong heroic characters, which were greatly inspired by a lonely and sufferable childhood. â€Å"Burnett had an ability to recapture universal aspects of childhood and transform

Why skills are more important than the tools free essay sample

Tools are the most effortless things that a person can use in the modern world. But what would happen if the tools are not working or a tool has failed to satisfy the job? In that case the tools should have an alternative. What are these alternatives? A big alternative to tools is a skill. Humans are prone to tools, but tools do have an alternative that is the skill of the humans. In case when the key in the lock of your house is lost, then it is the skill of the humans that is used. A skillful locksmith happens to deliver duplicate key so that you can open the lock of your house. Skills give higher expertise Skills can obviously give higher expertise. A particular tool can be used in one particular work only such as a knife can only be used in cutting things, if used in other some other things it can be harmful due to is the sharp edges. We will write a custom essay sample on Why skills are more important than the tools? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But the skill of cutting things using the knife can also be used in other activities such as nailing a nail in the door or wall using the hammer. As the knife has to be put on the target properly to give it a cut, it requires skill. Same way while hammering a nail on the wall, it also needs the same skill of hitting on the exact target. If we have the skills we can be creative and think about other options As said before a particular tool can perform only the tasks that they are designated for. But the skill of a person can be used over the tools or on some other materials in different ways. The skills can be used with the person’s various creative ideas and can be also used in other options. If you are able to do a good job with a particular tool, then it may happen that with your skill you may do good with some other tools with the same features also.

Roberto Clemente Essays (1230 words) - Roberto Clemente, Carolina

Roberto Clemente Roberto Clemente played in an era dominated by the likes of Willie Mays, Mickey Mantle and Hank Aaron, Roberto Clemente was usually overlooked by fans discussing great baseball players. Not until late in his 18-year career did the public appreciate the talents of the 12-time All-Star of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Even though he was arguably the best baseball player at that time he was also a devote humanitarian which ultimately led to his death. Roberto Clemente Walker was born in Barrio San Anton in Carolina, Puerto Rico, August 18, 1934. Growing up he helped his father, who worked as a foreman on a sugar plantation and manager of a grocery store, load and unload trucks. The youngest of four children, Roberto excelled in track and field, winning medals in the javelin throw and short distance races. Despite his great success in the other sports his real love was baseball. He took advantage of the weather in Puerto Rico to play baseball year-round. He became consumed with the game. He squeezed a rubber ball to build up his throwing arm. While in high school, he signed a $60-a-month contract and he also received a $5,000 bonus and a new glove to play for Santurce, a professional team in the Puerto Rican league. He was 18 then and hit .356 in the winter of 1952-53. The next season, Brooklyn Dodgers scout Al Campanis held a baseball tryout clinic. He impressed Campanis enough that he offered him a $10,000 bonus. The 18 yr old had to wait until he graduated from high school before he could sign with a major league team. So he gave his word to Campanis that he would sign with the Dodgers. Later other teams were ready to offer him more money. The Milwaukee Braves were willing to give him a $30,000 bonus. But being a man of his word he stuck to his agreement and signed with The Brooklyn Dodgers. The talent-laden Dodger organization of the mid-1950s knew it would be difficult for the teenager to break into the majors with the Dodgers, therefor they tried to hide him in the minors. They were afraid that another team would draft him after the 1954 season. (There was a rule stating that any player who received a bonus of at least $4,000 had to be placed on the major league roster within a year or he could be drafted for $4,000.) Though he batted only 148 times for the Montreal Royals. There fears came true the Pittsburgh Pirates drafted him that November. Though only 20 and still learning the English language, He became a starter for the Pirates in 1955. He was rightfully Pittsburgh's pride and joy. The fans laugh at his antics, ooh- and-ah at his spectacular plays, roar in anticipation of his performance, and in general love the man. The Pirates, who were awful in his first three seasons, gradually built a strong club. In 1960 they won the National League pennant, with him hitting .314 with 16 homers and a team-high 94 RBI and making his first All-Star team. He continued his awesome play in the World Series, hitting .310 as the Pirates defeated the New York Yankees on Bill Mazeroski's famous ninth-inning homer in Game 7. But He never wore his 1960 championship ring. Feeling snubbed by the writers because he only finished eighth in MVP balloting, he wore an All-Star ring instead. His performance in 1960 was just the beginning of his All-Star, Hall of Fame career. In 1961 he was in the best shape of his life, finally getting over the chronic back problems that had bothered him since his rookie season. With his improved health, He hit .351 to win his first batting title, producing 201 hits. On November 14, 1964, he married Vera Cristina Zabala in Carolina, Puerto Rico. They had three sons. Roberto Jr., Luis Roberto and Roberto Enrique. Proud of his heritage Roberto insisted that Vera give birth to all three sons in Puerto Rico. From 1964 through 1967, He won three more batting titles. And in the year he didn't win one, he was voted the National League's MVP. He had a career best .371 batting average in 1967. The year he won the MVP, he finished fifth in batting at .317 but had career-highs with 29 homers and 119 RBI (second best in the league). The Pirates came in third, three games behind the first-place Dodgers. In 1971, Clemente (.341) led the Pirates to another pennant. Though one of the game's

Critical Examination of Strategic Leadership

Critical Examination of Strategic Leadership Introduction Leadership has been used to refer to a pattern of influence that an individual possesses. On the other hand, leadership refers to a group’s innovative ideas and creative achievements that are actually outside the bounds of formal institutions (Glanz 2005, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Critical Examination of Strategic Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Accordingly, strategic leadership has evolved to become critical component in effective development and performance of organization and other key institutions (Glanz 2005, p.1). At the same time, Glanz perceives strategic leadership in the broader perspective that also involves other models of leadership. Within this view, it can be said that strategic skills have become useful to managers that have been utilized to improve and realize better performance where collaboration initiatives are incorporated with other broader parts and transformation of organizations become the ultimate goal of strategic leadership (Glanz 2005, p.1). On overall, strategic leaders are usually committed to improving their organizations on many levels, and leaders who demonstrate strategic leadership believe and facilitate the following. Coordinate all functions and practices in their organizations so that everything is able to function in harmony towards realization of particular goal; ensure that all individuals share common goals; are able to assess the ability of the organization to respond to social, political, or even interpersonal crises (Glanz 2005, p.2). Other notable functions of the strategic leaders include adjusting the organization’s mission to meet newly developing exigencies, and lastly, being innovative of varied possibilities for the future (Glanz 2005, p.2). Schools of all types, in the new 21st century require strategic leadership. This is particularly necessary given the increasing competition that characterizes any given market (p.3). According to three authors Preedy, Glatter, and Wise (2003, p.3), schools, colleges, together with other educational organizations are carrying out their functions and roles in competitive environment in which they need to have the best staff members. This call for competitive recruitment in order to align the school’s needs and goals given funding and resource capacity are attached to student’s number. Effective leadership is required in order to enable school realize success and sustained performance that in most cases is demonstrated in terms of students outcomes.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a school is able to realize effective student performance the potential market for the school increase and on the other hand, when performance decline then negative public perception develops over t he school. Hence, the above circumstances have forced educational leaders to adopt strategies that are effective in managing the boundaries between the school and the environment. Moreover, the vision should be to adopt pro-active stance in creating an effective relationships with external stakeholders (Preedy, Glatter, and Wise 2003, p.3). Guided by these introductory statements, this research paper aims at exploring the concept of strategic leadership with particular interests in exploring the characteristics of strategic leadership, the contextual factors, both internal and external that has the ability to affect strategic decisions, and lastly the tools available for the strategic analysis of key evidence specifically with regard to school. This research methodology will largely involve review and analysis of relevant literatures, and in this case, secondary and where appropriate, primary literature will be used especially with regard to statistical data. Characteristics of Stra tegic Leadership Preedy, Glatter, and Wise (2003) observe that developing relationship between the school and external stakeholders require effective environmental scanning. The postulation of this statement is that strategic leaders are the ones who incorporate effective strategic environmental scanning aspects (p.3). In carrying out environmental scanning strategic leaders, adopt necessary steps of identifying stakeholders’ needs and expectations, together with broader social, economic, and political trends that have opportunities for future development of the school (Preedy, Glatter, and Wise 2003, p.3). At the same time, strategic leaders incorporate empirical studies on how their schools should incorporate and utilize environmental information and as a result, these leaders develop effective school systems that exhibit good processes for learning about and responding to changes in the environments (Preedy, Glatter, and Wise 2003, p.3).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Critical Examination of Strategic Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another aspect of strategic school leaders is that they should be effective at interpreting the wider environment in which they operate and carry their functions in. Effective interpretive requires strategic leaders to note that operational environment is not fixed but rather it is complex and always changing. This scenario calls for strategic leaders to be more active in initiating ongoing learning by creation effective interactions with the environmental information and at the same time initiating individual and organizational capacities to interpret external events by identifying key trends that need to be responded to (Preedy, Glatter, and Wise 2003, p.3). Other aspects have been identified that characterize strategic leadership in school context. For instance, these leaders exhibit exceptional capabilities in reducing dependen ce of the school to its environment and they achieve these through seeking alternative sources of funding. Mike Freedman and Benjamin B Tregoe writing in a strategic book titled ‘The Art and Discipline of Strategic Leadership’ observe that most companies fail to realize their set objectives from multiple reasons but the major ones revolves around lack of incorporating key elements of strategy (Freedman and Tregoe 2004, p.2). For instance, the authors observes that most organizations have excellent management teams that at same are dedicated in their work and also exhibit the best strategic intentions but occasionally fail when at least one critical aspect of the strategy process is missed (Freedman and Tregoe 2004, p.2). On overall, strategy of any organization fails when observation and fulfillment of certain aspects fail in some of the following instances. 1) In formulating strategic vision based on facts, informed assumptions, and the best-possible what-if thinking; 2) in implementing and communicating the vision throughout the organization to clarify and align the role of every strategically critically player and process; and 3) in monitoring and updating the vision to ensure its continued strength, agility, and relevance (Freedman and Tregoe 2004, p.2). Michael A. Hitt, Duane R. Ireland and Robert E. Hoskisson, writing in a book titled ‘Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization: concepts and cases’, observe that there exist certain and specific actions that characterize effective strategic leadership and many of the elements characterizing strategic leadership in most cases operate collaboratively (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.350).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the authors are of the view that managing school resources effectively requires the leader or manager â€Å"to develop human capital and establish strategic direction, fostering an effective culture, exploiting core competencies, using effective organizational control systems, and ethical practices† (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.350). At the same time, most strategic and effective leaders create viable options when dealing with each of the key strategic leadership action situations as the foundation for making effective decisions. Therefore, key elements that characterize strategic leadership according to the authors include the following: determining strategic direction by the leader, where the postulation is that, strategic leaders need to have adequate knowledge. In addition, there exist diverse conditions that create both opportunities and threats, and it is upon this premise that strategic leaders need to determine and provide the appropriate direct an organization can chart in future or over a specified period of time (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.350). With regard to determining strategic direction, strategic leadership has to deal with two strategic directions in two parts that include core ideology and an envisioned future. With regard to core ideology, the strategic leadership has to motivate the staff to meet the organizational goals and objectives through encouraging them to focus on the main strategies earmarked for delivering value to all the firm’s stakeholders. Envisioned future, in most cases, serves as a guide to many aspects of school’s strategy implementation process, including motivation, leadership, staff empowerment, and overall school design (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.350). In actual cases, a leader instituting a strategic direction normally faces many challenges, while the work in general is not easy. It is therefore always advisable for the leader to win the hearts and minds o f school members while constantly â€Å"tackling unscalable heights and make them understand why change is necessary, passionately explaining what is in for the company and the employees† (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.351). Further, it is recommended that strategic leadership with regard to strategic direction needs to employ appropriate strengths that ensure continued positive performance. Second, strategic leadership constitute effective management of the school resource portfolio. In general, school â€Å"resources are categorized into financial capital, human capital, social capital, and organizational capital, together with organizational culture† (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.351). For instance, financial capital is vital to success and growth of the school and strategic leaders become aware of this. Nevertheless, in most cases, many of the strategic leaders recognize the equivalent importance of managing each remaining type of resource as well as m anaging the integration of resources. Strategic leaders in most cases â€Å"manage school resource portfolio by organizing them into capabilities, structuring the firm to facilitate using those capabilities, and choosing strategies through which the capabilities are successfully leveraged to create value for customers† (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p. 351). At the same time, strategic leaders are tasked with the role of ensuring competency of employees, as well as helping to retain the most successfully staff. Next, strategic leadership has to do with exploitation and maintenance of core competencies. Core competences in many schools function as source of competitive advantage for a school over its competitors (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.351). Strategic leaders in many cases carry out verification of school competencies when implementing strategies. At the same time, strategic leaders pursue school strategies through competitive agility and competitive speed whe re the leaders develop core competence capabilities which they develop over time as the school learn from their actions and enhance their knowledge about specific actions needed (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.351). Furthermore, strategic leaders develop human capital and social capital whereby the leaders have adequate knowledge and skills of the school entire workforce (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.352). Strategic leadership identifies that there is need for effective training and development programs in order to enhance performance of the leaders for the benefit of the whole school. The programs developed by strategic leaders generally link the success of the school needs, thus the leader gains and sustains competitive programs that benefit the school (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.352). At the same time, the programs developed by strategic leaders should â€Å"build knowledge and skills that inculcate a common set of core values and that they should provide sy stematic view of the organization thus promoting the organization’s vision and organizational cohesion† (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2009, p.352). On his part, Richard L. Morill, in a book titled ‘Strategic leadership: integrating strategy and leadership in colleges and universities’, summarizes the key characteristics that a strategic leader needs to have. These include â€Å"being integral which should begin at the level of human urgency, values, and paradigms; have sense-making, that is relying largely on narrative to make sense of experience and give meaning to the future; being motivational, where the strategic leader is able to mobilize energy and commitment; putting into application decisions and choices that are strategic; encouraging collaboration; being systematic; and lastly, being data driven† (Morrill 2007, p. 108). Contextual factors, internal and external that affect strategic decisions Two sets of factors affect strategic making decis ion (SDM) process, which in most cases is external environmental factors and internal organizational factors (Papadakis and Barwise 1998, p.230). Both these factors affect the SDM process both directly and through the cognitions and actions of managers. These factors along with leadership actions, together with SDM process characteristics in turn influence outcome in a school (Papadakis and Barwise 1998, p.230). The outcomes in most cases include process outcomes such as decision quality, decision speed, timeliness of the decision and school learning, as well as economic outcomes that may include profitability and revenue growth. Internal factors Internal factors that influence strategic decision-making process have to do with assessment of internal school environment, which may involve identifying the strengths, and weaknesses that might be important to strategic decision-making process. First, internal aspect that affects strategic decision-making process has to do with school mis sion. On overall, school mission constitutes a statement why the school exists, and in most cases, mission statements fall into three groups. 1) To create shareholder value; 2) meet the needs and expectations of all the stakeholders such as the staff, employees, suppliers, parents, students and the larger community; and 3) inspiring where it tends to create school’s aspirations among school and its stakeholders (Sadler and Craig 2003, p.10). The second internal aspect that affects strategic decision-making process has to do with school main policies. Generally, a school strategy depend and rests on policies that in most cases constitute guiding rules or principles that a school perceive to be integral to the success of the school. Policies reflect practices or ways that a school conducts its activities, and hence, they are seen to be indispensable parts of the school’s formula in creating, achieving, and sustaining competitive advantage (Sadler and Craig 2003, p.10). A nother internal factor that affects strategic decision-making process has to do with school’s goals and objectives. Objectives in most cases are set to be achieved over a short, medium to long term. Objectives may be of different forms such as financial objectives, human resource objectives, enrolment objectives, school promotion objectives, and many more (Sadler and Craig 2003, p.11). Strategic decision-making will largely be influenced by school’s objectives and goals. Strategic decision-making process has to be limited, for instance, within the financial objectives of the school, where at the same time with little or inadequate financial resources the strategic decision-making process may be hampered or stalled. School culture is another internal factor that influences school strategic decision-making process. School culture constitutes values and beliefs, together with ideas about how the school is perceived by the members and other stakeholders (Hill and Jones 200 9). School culture constitutes aspects which members of a â€Å"school should pursue and the appropriate kinds or standards of behavior school members should use to achieve these goals† (Hill and Jones 2009, p.394). Strategic decision-making process on large part will thrive from presence of well established â€Å"school values, norms, guidelines, or even school expectations† that in largely prescribe â€Å"the appropriate kind of behavior organization members express towards each other† (Hill and Jones 2009, p.394). Further, Charles Hill and Gareth Jones suggest that when making strategic decisions leaders need to create adaptive culture, one that is innovative and encourages support for school strategic goals (Hill and Jones 2009, p.394). Adaptive cultures are able to introduce changes in the way the school operates that sometimes may include changes in the school structure. Further, the author note that schools with adaptive cultures are more likely to surviv e and continue in the changing environment and in most cases through strategic decisions such school are able to realize increased performance than school that have inert cultures (Hill and Jones 2009, p.394). External factors T. R. Jain, Mukesh Trehan, and Ranju Trehan, in a book titled ‘Business Environment’ observe that, in general, operating environment for any kind of player or institution is complex and dynamic, a situation that is more complicated (Jain, Trehan and Trehan 2009, p.16). At the same time external environmental factors affect the school both in short-term and long-term (Jain, Trehan and Trehan 2009, p.16). External factors that influence strategic decision-making process can be regarded as macro environment factors and these will have to do with demographic aspect, politico-legal aspects, and regulatory issues that affect the schools, the general economic issues affecting stakeholders, competition from other schools, and government policy that affect schools. First, demographic aspects are important and influence strategic decisions in the sense that school strategies both existing and anticipated will greatly be influenced by population, age, religion, family size and nature, workforce composition. Demographic aspects have the capability to influence the strategic decision making process in that, the school has to have enough and adequate knowledge of demographic shifts, which in turn forces the school to constantly modify the strategies adopted and employed. According to Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha (2005) external environment can be divided into two: market or task environment, which include consumers, suppliers, labor market, competitors, and intermediaries (p.102). The second type is the macro or general environment that constitutes legal-political environment, economic environment, socio-cultural environment, technological environment, and international environment (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha 2 005, p.102). Consumers constitute the group of people, institutions, organizations, and all other key elements organization depends on in order to purchase the organization’s products or services. The decisions made in an organization have to touch on consumers. In other words, consumers are the ones that influence the decisions and strategies the organization undertake. Supplier, on the other hand is a group that ensures the organization has the input required to ensure consumer needs are made. Therefore, the suppliers’ actions or the school’s strategies will largely affect the suppliers of the school (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha 2005, p.102). Therefore, the strategic decision-making process is largely influenced by actions and decisions of the suppliers. Labor market on the other hand, is the avenue the school has to recruit its staff and employee to facilitate and pursue school goals and objectives. In most cases, the structure of the labor mark et changes an aspect that affects organization’s strategic goals and objectives. When the labor market changes, then the organization has to restructure itself and generally restructuring involves modifying the strategies of the organization (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha 2005, p.103). Another external aspect is the competitors of the school. Competitors constitute other external schools and institutions, which the school has to put down strategies of encountering in the market place. As the market become uncertain and more competitors enter the market, schools finds it both challenging and necessary to initiate strategies that will place the organization at a better place or level to compete effectively in the market. Competitor’s marketing strategies may be advanced and superior, they may be providing superior learning opportunities with greater and constant performance, and they may have established brands in the market, and may just have enhanced tools of leveraging market advantage than the concerned school (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha 2005, p.103). What becomes necessary and of much help is for the school to carry out environmental scanning which will enable the organization to take appropriate steps in strategic decision-making making with aim of improving or positioning the organization at an advantageous level. Further, the macro-environment factors at the same time have the potential to influence strategic decision-making process. For instance, legal-political environment has the capacity to affect an organization’s strategies. Legal aspects such as tariffs, taxes, business permits, market competition laws, service standards laws, and quality assurance laws, all have the potential to affect and influence the strategic decisions a school makes. Political environment and regime at the same time has the capability to influence how the school is able to set its strategies. For example, there are political re gimes that will institute restrictive business and market measures, a situation that will force many schools to modify their strategies (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha 2005, p.103). Economic environment on the other hand has the potential to influence school strategies. As situation becomes tighter, organizations are forced to re-design their strategies in order to meet the stakeholders’ needs and desires (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha 2005, p.103). Further, socio-cultural environment has the capacity to affect the strategies an organization makes. Socio-cultural environment has to do with aspects such as demographics, culture, beliefs, religion, social status, age, and gender (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha 2005, p.103). Organizations operate and carry out their functions in environments that exhibit different cultures, different religions, people of different ages, and so on. Consequently, all these aspects will influence the strategic deci sion making process in the organization since their ignorance or inadequate incorporation will results into poor performance by the organization (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha 2005, p.103). Technological environment exhibits potentials of influencing an organization strategic decision-making process. Organizations such as schools operate in changing environments that are characterized by evolving technologies. At the same time technology has become a source of competitiveness and schools that adopt and implement the most appropriate technology is seen to have better market and overall performance as compared to others (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Vries, and Botha 2005, p.103). Tools available for the strategic analysis of key evidence Organizations such as learning institutions that are able to articulate where they currently stand and operate, as well as where they want to go and vision they aspire to adopt, such organizations become success and goal-oriented that is built on strong strategic planning. In order to chart a clear journey of success, learning institutions adopt particular and specific well-tested tools and techniques, which in turn are able to utilize in strategic planning (Courtney 2002, p.150). Schools are presented with both internal review tools and external review tools, which they can be able to use to carry out strategic analysis. With regard to internal review tools and techniques, the following particular tools are common. First, there is mandate analysis, which constitutes a tool that was developed in 1995 by Bryson (Courtney 2002, p.150). In general, this tool largely provides support for policy or course of action. Mandates analysis constitute a process of exploring the written documents that exist in support of the mission of the school (Courtney 2002, p.150). Mandate analysis for school may include research reports, mission and vision statements documents, and school’s objectives and goals documents, together with t he school’s strategic goals documents. In most cases, these documents can be used by a strategic leader or manager to explore and analyze the fundamental bases of the organization’s mission, to understand the extent the school set and pursue goals, and reflect on the distinctive competencies of the organization (Courtney 2002, p.150). Another technique is that of stakeholders’ analysis, which again constitutes a powerful technique developed by John Bryson in 1995. Stakeholders in this case constitute all those who are affected by the activities of the school or who express great expectations in the school. Stakeholders’ analysis in large measure gets concerned with internal analysis but has become to be associated also with external analysis of the organization (Courtney 2002, p.150). When the stakeholders’ analysis is carried out, the paramount intent is to identify the internal aspects of the organization and identify the implications of changes in the external environment. The third technique has to do with portfolio analysis, which was developed by the Boston Consulting Group, and largely this technique involves making evaluation of programmes that a school undertakes at the moment, and elaborate on the future of the programmes in the school (Courtney 2002, p.151). Further, portfolio analysis operates to link the school’s current programs and the demand of the market or business environment. On the other hand, external strategic analysis has been carried out using resource-based tools and techniques such SWOT analysis tools, PESTEL analysis tools, and Porter’s Five Forces analysis. With regard to SWOT tools, strategic leader is able to carry out business environmental scanning by identifying school’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) from which it becomes possible to create and implement appropriate strategic decisions. Furthermore, when adopted by the strategic leader for strate gy analysis, the guiding wisdom in PESTEL analysis is for the leader to analyze and evaluate political factors that affect the business strategy. In addition, the leader should analyze the economic factors influencing the strategy, social factors, technological factors that have the ability to affect the organization, and the environment issues that organization will have to put in mind before implanting the desired strategy. This is in addition to the legal factors that the organization needs to factor in before implementing the strategy (Hill and Jones 2009, p.41). Lastly, Porter’s five forces constitute tools an organization is able to use in analyzing the competitive industry environment with aim of identifying opportunities and threats before initiating and pursuing certain strategies. Porter’s Five Force Model comprises tools that analyze industry environment with regard to the risk of entry by potential competitors; the intensity of rivalry among established com petitors within an industry; the bargaining power of buyers/stakeholders; the bargaining power of suppliers; and the closeness of substitutes to an industry’s products or services (Hill and Jones 2009, p.42). Analysis and having adequate knowledge about these aspects enable an organization like school to pursue its strategy in a more appropriate way. Conclusion The 21st century constitutes a period that many organizations are undergoing transformation. Even the earlier conservative and change-averse organizations have discovered that they cannot continue to remain immune to change. Nevertheless, one aspect that is contributing to smooth transformation and success of these organizations has to do with strategic leadership. In adopting one expressed definition of strategic leadership, Boal and Hooijberg (2006) note that, it is kind of leadership that is â€Å"marked and concerned with evolution of the organization as a whole, including changing aims and capabilities.† As a result, â€Å"strategic leadership is in general associated with people at the top of the organization, and the concern becomes largely centered on internal organizational environments and the external context the business operates in† (Amos, Ristow, Ristow, and Pearse 2009, p.406). Therefore, it can be said in summary that strategic leadership is key to transformation of an organization whereby an organization is able to equip itself very well to compete effectively in the market place. Further, strategic leadership to win and realize success for the organization, there is need for collaboration, cooperation, and necessary support from other key stakeholders. Reference List Amos, T., et al. 2009. Human Resource Management. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=z239tBfhu_cCpg=PA406dq=strategic+leadershiphl=enei=m7tITZm8JoXrOYLn_ZMEsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDIQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepageq=strategic%20leadershipf=true . Courtney, R., 2002. Strategic management for voluntary nonprofit organizations. NY: Routledge. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=wB94L6x2KBwCpg=PA149dq=Tools+FOR+CARRYING+OUT+strategic+analysishl=enei=nq1ITba8GMOCOtCazLEEsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=Tools%20FOR%20CARRYING%20OUT%20strategic%20analysisf=false . Freedman, M. and Tregoe, B. B., 2004. The Art and Discipline of Strategic Leadership. NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=H9d0trWi3XkCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Strategic+Leadershiphl=enei=YuZHTbXtMcWKswaw69X9Agsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false . Glanz, J., 2005. What every principal should know about strategic leadership. CA: Corwin Press. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=abTZUbfUNccCprintsec=frontcoverdq=strategic+leadershiphl=enei=sqpHTaqJJYrLswbUuKycAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=true . Goodman, S. et al 2005. Business management: fresh perspectives. Cape Town: Pearson South Africa. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=yHWRgWNYDlsCpg=PA93dq=external+business+environmenthl=enei=r5RITemCFYfssgbF4PSOAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=external%20business%20environmentf=false . Hill, C. and Jones, C., 2009. Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. OH: Cengage Learning. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=CzIK9ELsyYwCpg=PA394dq=organization+culture+and+strategic+managementhl=enei=1npITff_GInLswadoomZAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=organization%20culture%20and%20strategic%20managementf=false . Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D. and Hoskisson, R. E., 2009. Strategic management: competitiveness and globalization: concepts cases. OH: Cengage Learning. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=ul5FsIlWa3ECpg=PA350dq=Strategic+Leadershiphl=enei=YuZHTbXtMcWKswaw6 9X9Agsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CGAQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageq=Strategic%20Leadershipf=false . Jain, T. R., Trehan, M. and Trehan, R., 2009. Business Environment. New Delhi: FK Publications. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=nfADHVmJkTUCpg=PA16dq=external+business+environmenthl=enei=r5RITemCFYfssgbF4PSOAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepageq=external%20business%20environmentf=true . Morrill, R. L., 2007. Strategic leadership: integrating strategy and leadership in colleges and universities. CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=LHoLauq00SECpg=PR15dq=ELEMENTS+OF+A+Strategic+Leaderhl=enei=NCpITZ3EEciRswbq0pXrAgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=ELEMENTS%20OF%20A%20Strategic%20Leaderf=false . Papadakis, V. and Barwise, T. P., 1998. Strategic decisions. NY: Springer. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=Rm0tqselI8UCpg=PA230dq=external+and+intern al+factors+that+affect+strategic+decisionshl=enei=HTJITYTpF8HS4gbvgNnkBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CF0Q6AEwCQ#v=onepageq=external%20and%20internal%20factors%20that%20affect%20strategic%20decisionsf=false . Preedy, M., Glatter, R. and Wise, C., 2003. Strategic leadership and educational improvement. NY, SAGE. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=T8iDRMW4qFsCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Strategic+leadership+and+educational+improvementhl=enei=2vFKTZqTLcWUswbR1t2dDwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false . Sadler, P. and Craig, J. C., 2003. Strategic management. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=9C3RVivbbX0Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=strategic+managementhl=enei=xG5ITY_JHMHGswa4uPHuAgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false .

Aplastic Anemia

Aplastic anemia is also sometimes associated with exposure to toxins such as  benzene, or with the use of certain drugs, includingchloramphenicol,  carbamazepine,  felbamate,  phenytoin,  quinine, and  phenylbutazone. Many drugs are associated with aplasia mainly according to case reports but at a very low probability. As an example, chloramphenicol treatment is followed by aplasia in less than 1 in 40,000 treatment courses, and carbamazepine aplasia is even more rare. Exposure to  ionizing radiation  from  radioactive materials  or radiation-producing devices is also associated with the development of aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia is present in up to 2% of patients with acute  viral hepatitis[citation needed]. In some animals aplastic anemia may have other causes. For example, in the  ferret  (Mustela putorius furo) aplastic anemia is caused byestrogen  toxicity. This is because female ferrets are  induced ovulators, so mating is required to bring the female out of heat. Intact females, if not mated, will remain in heat, and after some time the high levels of estrogen will cause the bone marrow to stop producing red blood cells. The condition needs to be differentiated from pure red cell aplasia. In aplastic anemia the patient has pancytopenia (i. e. , anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) resulting in decrease of all formed elements. In contrast, pure red cell aplasia is characterized by reduction in red cells only. The diagnosis can only be confirmed on  bone marrow examination. Before this procedure is undertaken, a patient will generally have had other  blood tests  to find diagnostic clues, including a  complete blood count  (CBC),  renal function  and  electrolytes,  liver enzymes,  thyroidfunction tests,  vitamin B12  and  folic acid  levels. Following tests aid in determining differential diagnosis for aplastic anemia: 1. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: to rule out other causes of pancytopenia (i. e. neoplastic infiltration or significant myelofibrosis). 2. History of iatrogenic exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy: can cause transient bone marrow suppression 3. X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or ultrasound imaging tests: enlarged lymph nodes (sign of lymphoma), kidneys and bones in arms and hands (abnormal in Fanconi anemia) 4. Chest X-ray: infections 5. Liver tests: liver diseases . Viral studies: viral infections 7. Vitamin B12  and folate levels: vitamin deficiency 8. Blood tests for  paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 9. Test for antibodies: immune competency. Treating immune-mediated aplastic anemia involves suppression of the  immune system, an effect achieved by daily  medicine  intake, or, in more severe cases, a  bone marrow transplant, a potential cure. [2]  The transplanted bone marrow r eplaces the failing bone marrow cells with new ones from a matching donor. The  multipotent  stem cells in the bone marrow reconstitute all three blood cell lines, giving the patient a new immune system, red blood cells, and platelets. However, besides the risk of graft failure, there is also a risk that the newly created white blood cells may attack the rest of the body (graft-versus-host disease). Medical therapy of aplastic anemia often includes a short course of  anti-thymocyte globulin  (ATG) or  anti-lymphocyte globulin  (ALG) and several months of treatment with  ciclosporin  to modulate the  immune system. Mild  chemotherapy  with agents such as  cyclophosphamide  andvincristine  may also be effective. Antibody  therapy, such as ATG, targets T-cells, which are believed to attack the bone marrow. Steroids  are generally ineffective, though are often used to combat  serum sickness  caused by ATG use. One prospective study involving cyclophosphamide was terminated early due to a high incidence of mortality, due to severe infections as a result of prolonged  neutropenia. [3] In the past, before the above treatments became available, patients with low leukocyte counts were often confined to a sterile room or bubble (to reduce risk of  infections), as in the famed case of  Ted DeVita. 4] [edit]Follow-up Regular  full blood counts  are required to determine whether the patient is still in a state of remission. 10-33% of all patients develop the  rare disease  paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria  (PNH, anemia with thrombopenia and/or  thrombosis), which has been explained as an escape mechanism by the bone marrow against destruction by the immune system. Flow cyto metry  testing is performed regularly in people with previous aplastic anemia to monitor for the development of PNH.

Employability in the community sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Employability in the community sector - Essay Example Governments often do not have sufficient resources to train and employ highly skilled people. Therefore, to compensate for the workforce shortage, countries superficially train their youth cross functionally. However, with the passage of time, the concept of community worker became formalized. At the same time, it is important to understand the ideology of community workers; previously they were seemingly trained in health sciences, so that they can provide first aid in a case of emergency. Nevertheless, in the modern era governments came to understand the value of community work (Peacock, Issel, Townsell, Chapple-McGruder, & Handler 2011). This enlightenment led governments to initiate cross training for community workers. Along with this, they are offered excellent remuneration and health insurance, thus compelling increasing number of young individuals to join community work as full time profession. Notably, these community workers are actively participating in various sectors of economy such as financial, emergency and military services. In this way, they are developing cross-industrial skills, which can help them in earning a handsome pay at the later stage of their career. On the other hand, these workers are respected around the globe for their notable contributions in medical practice. Nowadays, these professionals are playing a significant role in spreading the general knowledge about various health issues worldwide. The effectiveness of these awareness programs conducted by social workers is admirable because, they are conducted with the help of limited resources without any formal organizational identity. Female social workers are also prominent in their respective field due to their heightened commitment towards benefiting humanity. This paper in addition, to the general description of social work, will provide few essential skills necessary for the successfulness of a social worker in the coming paragraph. The

Planning and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning and Design - Essay Example It enables to prepare an efficient schedule for completing the project within a specified time (Public Procurement Guide, 2008). Resource Planning In this stage, the management should be focused on determining required materials or resources, laborers and tools that are required in each step of the project. This step would be useful for making proper allocation of available resources in required places. It would also facilitate to avoid any improper allocation and wastage of valuable resources so that the project completes in time (Public Procurement Guide, 2008). Cost Planning Preparation of plan with respect to allocation and use of cost is one of the vital parts for the management in the project plan. The stage comprises proper identification of required costs including internal and external costs. It also enables to make assessment of the amount of time required to complete the project, so estimation can be made regarding the budget of the project and whether the project would re quire over-budgeting or not (Public Procurement Guide, 2008). b. ... With this concern, Spencer Moneysworth consulted with Expert Industrial Developers (EID) regarding making an estimation of cash flow chart for the project. However, the EID provided an estimated plan of USD20 million with a schedule of 18 months for the project. However, the intention for Woody 2000 project was to prepare the project within USD17 million by including one million for first and last month and USD1.4 million each within the rest 10 months during the project. Moreover, the cost planning of EID depicts an excessive use of capital along with making an estimation of longer schedule for the plan including professional services and construction works. With this concern, it can be said that there is a requirement for making evaluation of available alternatives in terms of accessible contractors that can provide lowest possible cost with efficient time schedule for the project. In the successive phases of the project, the aspect of proper time scheduling would be crucial as it can largely affect positive or negatively on the factors such as project budget, delay and accessibility of resources among others (Public Procurement Guide, 2008). c. Did the project plan explain how the project and any changes would be controlled? Should this be part of the plan? Give reasons. The overall plan for the Woody 2000 project explains the facet of bringing in changes by involving software as well as hardware to efficiently complete the project related tasks. By appointing Ian Leadbetter, a mechanical engineer, specialized in ‘programming semi automatic manufacturing machinery’, efficiency in the whole process of project schedule was desired to be brought. This aspect

Juliusz Slowacki :: essays research papers

Juliusz Slowacki We all have our favorite writers. Many of them are using their own, original language that we like or don’t. Very often basing on the language they use we can imagine their character and what kind of people they are or were. Their style of writing makes us be more familiar with them and with their books. But sometimes, even writers that are using very unique style of writing make a huge impression on us and I would like to focus on a novelist that presents that kind of writing. His name is Juliusz Slowacki (1809-1849) and he is one of the most famous Polish poets in the history. As you can see he was writing his books very long time ago but they are still very popular in Poland, Europe and probably in other parts of the world. I can say that he is not my favorite writer because his style of writing is not easy to understand and you have to be very focus during the reading. In addition to that, every person that wants to read some of his books should be very familiar with Polish and European history. On the other hand this is advantage because reading a book you are also studying a little bit of history. But it does not mean that I don’t like Slowacki and his books. I chose to write about him because his style is very familiar to me, and his books made a huge impression on me. Some of his books captivate, fascinate, release my imagination, and are taking me to the lands that I always wanted to see and visit. The fight for independence became the main topic of Slowacki's works. In his books like â€Å"Kordian†, â€Å"Bogurodzica† he is calling the nation to fight because in his opinion that is the only way to the freedom. Slowacki was writing about moral and political problems of the generation, which had lost the resurrection. He was a great poet loving his country. He also was writing poems inspired by the nature like â€Å"Rozlaczenie†, about his childhood, literature, but his main subject was always reflections about his nation and the suffering of Poland and Polish people. In my opinion his lyrics reached the artistic perfection. In supreme way he could recreate and portray human feelings. Slowacki is using many elements of language. His style is speaking to our imagination beautifully describing his times and the events.

Nvocc

Introduction Globalization has lead to an increase in the integration of national markets and the interdependence of Countries worldwide have opened their boundaries for a wide range of goods, services, and commodities. Today, in a globalised economy, no nation is self-sufficient. Every nation is involved at different levels in trade to sell what it produces, in order to gain what it lacks and also to produce more effectively than their partners. Maritime history, the study of human activity at sea, covers a broad thematic element of history that often uses a global approach. Freight forwarders typically arrange cargo movement to an international destination. Also referred to as international freight forwarders, they have the expertise that allows them to prepare and process the documentation and perform related activities pertaining to international shipments. Some of the typical information reviewed by a freight forwarder is the commercial invoice, shipper's export declaration, bill of lading and other documents required by the carrier or country of export, import, or transhipment. Much of this information is now processed in a paperless environment. A freight forwarder who does not own vessel, but functions as a carrier by issuing its own bills of lading and assuming responsibility for the shipments is called an NVOCC Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier. Firm that ship cargo on behalf of its client. NVOCC functions like any other carrier, issuing its own bills of lading or air waybills. There are numerous benefits of using a Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier. They can also help a company save time and resources because of their understanding and immense knowledge of the cargo shipping industry. This knowledge includes information on what the most effective and efficient routes of delivery are, based on specific destinations. They have expertise in most of the constituents of cargo shipping, packaging, pickup and delivery. This knowledge is institutional in providing a cargo with the best possible standards in accordance with international standards of delivery. Non-vessel operating common carriers are considered to be one of the â€Å"intermediaries† in the shipping industry. The latest law in this area has defined the NVOCC as â€Å"a common carrier which does not own or operate the vessels by which the ocean transportation is provided, and is a shipper in its relationship with the ocean carrier Latest law has defined the NVOCC as â€Å"a common carrier which does not own or operate the vessels by which the ocean transportation is provided, and is a shipper in its relationship with the ocean carrier. † NVOCC operators buy space from ocean carriers for consolidated shipments from a variety of clients. Documentation, logistical planning and warehousing of cargo from the port to final destination also are taken care of as part of the services provided. It was in 1951, when first intermodal modern day container was built and in 1955 first intermodal transport was operated. For the purpose to stream line the movement of container from origin to destination, there were intermediaries at each stage in the system. Ocean Freight Forwarder, Custom Clearance Agents, Trucking Agency, Railway Booking and Wagon Lease Agency, Container Freight Station, Port Clearance Agents, etc. Components Each time of the following three stages, i. . Inland Transportation at origin, Seaway and Finally Inland Transportation at destination, a new Bill of Lading was issued and cargo was insured. With International Trade increasing in 1970’s, efficiencies from containerisation led to trade of large volume and increased ocean carrier’s attention to ship with Full container load (FCL). That was the ti me when NVOCC emerged into the business. NVOCC’s are considered as one of the â€Å"intermediaries† in maritime industry. NVOCC’s went a way ahead in the business and provided end to end logistic solution even to small shippers. Business Model for NVOCC follows as shown below. At the origin, a NVOCC plays a role of consolidator as well as packaging agency, whereby they take part parcels from various shippers and consolidate in one full load container. Increase in efficiency and low time turn out time in transportation from inland depots to gateways of port. Another concept of Multicity Consolidation (MCC) is also leveraged by NVOCC’s. Once the cargo is placed in Container Freight Stations (CFS) or ware house at ICD’s, Cargo to a same destination is consolidated in one FCL. In this way NVOCC’s filled a transportation niche, particularly for inland ports, as onsolidator for smaller shippers ignored or abandoned by the ocean carrier. NVOCC Bill of lading: NVOCC's releases MULTIMODAL House Bill of Ladings (HBL) once they run a door-to-door service. They issue this HBL against shipper/final consignee whilst the Steam Ship Line issues a Master B/L (MBL) against the forwarder at origin and the forwarder at destination. NVOCCs play an importan t part in international trade. It is important that safeguards are in place to ensure the security of blank Bills of Lading, and there are systems in place to track them if they are misused. A NVOCC, who does not charter an entire ship, concludes contracts of carriage with several shippers/freight forwarders concerning individual packages or containers. When the NVOCC has accumulated an appropriate number of orders, he concludes a contract of carriage with a carrier who actually will perform the transportation. The NVOCC makes money by obtaining a better price from the carrier than he (the NVOCC) charges his shippers. The main duty of a carrier consists of the unconditional and unlimited obligation to transport the goods from the port of loading to the port of destination. The commitment to fulfil the transport obligation is the only and decisive criterion for a carrier. The salient features of NVOCC (Exports Sea) are as below: ?Register Individual shipment, Shipping Bill wise. ?Club multiple shipping bills under one HBL. ?Club multiple HBLs under one Master B/L. ?Prepare and print Master and House Bill of Lading. ?Specify B/L Charges for various charge heads for both payment and receipts and in any currency. ?Prepare Challan report for HBL. ?Prepare and send Consol Manifest. ?A unique Alert system which updates the user on current status of shipments based on shipment life cycle defined. These alerts can be mailed directly to the customer. ?Prepare and send Shipping Advice to customer. ?Prepare and Print Container Load Plan (CLP). ?Shipped On board (SOB) or Shut Out report preparation. ?Track transhipment details of containers at various Cargo Hubs. ?Various Customer Service reports. Can be sent directly through email from system. ?Prepare and print various types of Invoices e. g. Services and Freight, Brokerage, Lifting Shifting etc. including to Overseas Agent. The salient features of NVOCC (Imports Sea) are as below: ?Record various details for Import Shipment. Maintain various stages of shipment in its life cycle. ?A unique Alert system which updates the user on current status of shipments based on shipment life cycle defined. These alerts can be mailed directly to the customer. ?Keep track of various charges related to a shipment e. g. Freight, Fuel Surcharge, Ex-Works etc. ?Prepare, print and send Cargo Arrival Notice (CAN) to Importer for collection of charges which are linked to Accounts. ?Receive or Send Delivery Order (DO) as the case may be. ?Checks for shipment under Bank Release Order (BRO) and controls issue of DO. Overseas Agent's inward invoice/Credit/Debit Note can be booked into system for each shipment with profit sharing. ?A complete Foreign Remittances module for payment and receipts with RBI and bank covering letters/forms. The salient features of NVOCC (Accounts) are as below: ?Complete accounting package to suit specifically the needs of freight forwarding/NVOCC business with multi location and multi division activity. ?Managing the accounts of individual profit centres combined with common accounting books. ?Prepare/ view trial balance/ profit and loss/ balance sheet for individual profit centres as well as entire company. Prepare and print all types of vouchers e. g. Cash/Bank payment and receipts and Journal vouchers. ?Receipts and payments can be booked against particular invoices with TDS deducted details. ?Book Tra de Bills i. e. related to a particular shipment e. g. Transport or Freight Debit notes. ?Facility for Non Trade bills where tracking can be had for each item in a bill e. g. stationery items, Telephones etc. with separate recording of Service Tax Charged. ?Complete Cheque Book Management module for tracking of checks bank wise and also cancelled and post dated cheques. Merge Data of different Branches in Head Office. ?Complete Security module for rights of each user to operate a certain part of software. ?Data can be exported to TALLY accounting Package. Working of NVOCC’s at Various stages: Warehousing & In plant Logistics Receipt Unloading into warehousing Inspection Storage including stacking Preservation Order execution Dispatch and loading into own/customers’ vehicle Yard Management Receipt of Cargo Inspection Storage Inventory Management Order execution Billing Dispatch to Customers Value Added Services Unpacking/Repacking Grading / Sorting Break-bulk Labelling / Bar Coding Heat Sealing / Shrink Wrapping Assembly related services Quality Check Information Related Services MIS on stock, dispatch KPI related MIS Invoicing related MIS Preparation / submission of Excise returns Invoicing Order Processing Invoice Printing Related Statutory Documentation Inventory Management Re-order Level Assessment & finalization Stock-aging & FSN analysis Distribution (Secondary Transportation) Transportation to Customers’ premises Unloading at Customers’ premises Transit Insurance (as required) Reverse Logistics Transport Load Optimisation

Habits and Traits of the Ant Family

Ask any insect enthusiast how they became so interested in bugs, and hell probably mention childhood hours spent watching ants. Theres something fascinating about social insects, especially ones as diverse and evolved as the ants, the family Formicidae. Description Its easy to recognize ants, with narrow waists, bulbous abdomens, and elbowed antennae. In most cases, when you observe ants you are only seeing the workers, all of which are female. Ants live underground, in dead wood, or sometimes in plant cavities. Most ants are black, brown, tan, or red. All ants are social insects. With few exceptions, ant colonies divide labor between sterile workers, queens, and male reproductives, called alates. Winged queens and males fly in swarms to mate. Once mated, queens lose their wings and establish a new nest site; males die. Workers tend to the colonys offspring, even rescuing the pupae should the nest be disturbed. The all-female workforce also gathers food, constructs the nest, and keeps the colony clean. Ants perform important tasks in the ecosystems where they live. Formicids turn and aerate the soil, disperse seeds, and aid in pollination. Some ants defend their plant partners from attacks by herbivores. Classification Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – HymenopteraFamily – Formicidae Diet Feeding habits vary in the ant family. Most ants prey on small insects or scavenge bits of dead organisms. Many also feed on nectar or honeydew, the sweet substance left behind by aphids. Some ants actually garden, using gathered leaf bits to grow fungus in their nests. Life Cycle The complete metamorphosis of an ant may take from 6 weeks to 2 months. Fertilized eggs always produce females, while unfertilized eggs yield males. The queen can control the sex of her offspring by selectively fertilizing the eggs with sperm, which she stores after a single mating period. White, legless larvae hatch from eggs, completely dependent on worker ants for their care. The workers feed the larvae with regurgitated food. In some species, pupae look like colorless, immobile adults. In others, pupae spin a cocoon. New adults may take several days to darken into their final color. Special Adaptions and Defenses Ants employ a fascinating variety of behaviors to communicate and defend their colonies. Leafcutter ants cultivate a bacteria with antibiotic properties to keep unwanted fungi from growing in their nests. Others tend aphids, milking them to harvest sweet honeydew. Some ants use a modified ovipositor to sting, like their wasp cousins. Some ants function as little chemical factories. Ants of the genus Formica use a special abdominal gland to produce formic acid, an irritating substance they can squirt as they bite. Bullet ants inject a strong nerve toxin when they sting. Many ants take advantage of other species. Slave-making ant queens invade colonies of other ant species, killing the resident queens and enslaving her workers. Thief ants raid neighbor colonies, stealing food and even young. Range and Distribution Ants thrive throughout the world, living everywhere except Antarctica, Greenland, Iceland, and a few isolated islands. Most ants live underground or in dead or decaying wood. Scientists describe nearly 9,000 unique species of Formicids; almost 500 ant species inhabit North America. Sources Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallAnt Information, University of ArizonaFormicidae: Information, Animal Diversity Web